While AI promises disputes that are ‘materially faster and cheaper’, awards made solely by machines are unlikely to be enforceable under the Arbitration Act 1996. Concerns remain over fairness, transparency and the ‘opacity’ of large language models, which cannot easily be challenged.
Yet banning AI arbitration could backfire, encouraging covert use behind nominal human arbitrators.
Reform may be inevitable: ‘the real question… will be whether it will arise transparently or covertly’.




