And & or
Sometimes ‘and’ and ‘or’ must be construed contrary to their normal meanings. In Chichester Diocesan v Simpson (1944) the HL decided that the ‘or’ in a testamentary disposition of residue to ‘such … charitable or benevolent object’ was disjunctive, because a gift is charitable only if every object is charitable, while not every benevolent object is charitable as defined by the law. However ‘and’ in an objects cause ‘to present classical, artistic … and educational dramatic works’ was held in Associated Artists v IRC (1956) to be disjunctive, because otherwise nothing could be presented unless it possessed all these qualities.
Confined Spaces Regulations 1997
These regulations were made under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 and apply to any place (‘confined space’), including any chamber, tank, vat, silo, pit, trench, pipe, sewer, flue, well or other similar space, in which, by virtue of its enclosed nature, there arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk, namely a
