Traditional structures may offer protection, but they are not immune from divorce, capacity challenges or post-death disputes. The authors warn that nuptial agreements, while increasingly popular, remain vulnerable without transparency and full disclosure. International surrogacy, cross-border estates and immigration status add further layers of risk, while late-life relationships and remarriage frequently trigger litigation. Informal promises—the ‘Bank of Mum & Dad’—can unravel into proprietary estoppel claims if expectations are disappointed.
The message is clear: plan early, document clearly and think internationally. Without proactive advice, even sophisticated families may find that certainty proves illusory when it is needed most.




